INTRODUCTION
Each people might be has a linguistic system in their brain that gives them the ability to speak and to understand speech. Since this linguistic information is in the brains of people, the properties of its underlying network ought to provide clues to its neurocognitive basis.
The brain is one of the most delicate parts of the human body. The brain controls human body movements, processes information from the outside world and make a change us to communicate with others. Therefore, our language competences are actually can not be separated from the brain function. In short, there are the “positive” correlation between language and brain.
The brain has two hemispheres: the left and the right hemisphere. Each hemisphere is consisting of four lobes. Each of the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere has its own particular physical and mental functions. The other parts of brain are the brain stem and the cerebellum. Then, the part of brain which has the function to maintain human language and speech communication is the left hemisphere.
A stroke disease occurs when part of the brain stops working because of problems with its blood supply. Some strokes are caused by the blockage of a blood vessel with a blood clot and a blood vessel ruptures.
A stroke is an example of the disease caused of brain injury, which later the effects after it make the problem in production speech communication.
In this paper, the writer tries to give information about the correlation between language and brain by using the example and focused on Stroke disease as the right example to show of the brain damaged. Later, this brain damaged makes the impairment in language production.
DISCUSSION
A stroke, also more popular called as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is an acute neurological injury in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted. It is means that, stroke involves sudden loss of neuronal function due to disturbance in cerebral perfusion. This disturbance in perfusion is commonly arterial, but can be venous.
The part of the brain with disturbed perfusion no longer receives adequate oxygen. This initiates the ischemic cascade which causes brain cells to die or be seriously damaged, impairing local brain function.
Stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage or even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when, for some reason, blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients.
A. THE SIGN AND SYMTOMS
The symptoms of stroke depend on the type of stroke and the area of the brain affected and the cause. These are several stroke symptoms, such as:
• Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body (hemiparesis)
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding (dysarthria),
• Blurred or poor vision in one or both eyes, temporary loss of vision (typically amaurosis fugax).
• Sudden trouble walking, unexplained dizziness, loss of balance or coordination and an unexplained fall.
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
• Difficulty swallowing and loss of consciousness.
B. THE TYPE OF STROKE
There are two main types of stroke that are:
1. Ischemic stroke is caused by blockage of a blood vessel. It occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms and blocks blood flow in an artery bringing blood to part of the brain. Blood clots usually form in arteries damaged by fatty buildups, called atherosclerosis. When the blood clot forms within an artery of the brain, it's called cerebral thrombosis stroke. These often occur at night or first thing in the morning.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding. Bleeding strokes have a much higher fatality rate than strokes caused by clots. A subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when a blood vessel on the brain's surface ruptures and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull (but not into the brain itself). A cerebral hemorrhage occurs when a defective artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood.
C. THE RISK FACTORS OF STROKE
Some stroke risk factors are caused hereditary. Beside it, the others are a function of natural processes and might be the result from a person's lifestyle. These are the several risk factor of Stroke:
a. Modifiable Risk factors
• High Blood Pressure- It is the most important controllable risk factor for stroke. Many people believe the effective treatment of high blood pressure is a key reason for the accelerated decline in the death rates for stroke.
• High Cholesterol- A major risk factors for heart disease -- the higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk for developing heart disease or having a heart attack. People with high blood cholesterol have an increased risk for stroke.
• Physical Inactivity- One of the most important means of preventing cardiovascular disease. So go on a brisk walk, take the stairs, and do whatever you can to make your life more active
• Diabetes- Having diabetes increases a person's risk of stroke.
• Carotid or other artery disease- The carotid arteries carry blood to the brain. If these arteries are diseased- e.g., narrowed by fatty deposits, there is a greater risk for stroke.
• Heart disease- Having heart disease, such as coronary artery disease, increase the risk of having a stroke. If we've had a heart attack, we're at higher risk of having a stroke, too. People with coronary heart disease or heart failure have a higher risk of stroke.
• Obesity- Being overweight increases your risk of developing high blood cholesterol and diabetes – two important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
• Transient Ischemic Attack - Small strokes that last for only a few hours; a warning sign that a more disabling event may follow.
• Atrial Fibrillation - The most common cause of stroke among older adults. This heart rhythm disorder raises the risk for stroke.
• Cigarette smoking — in recent years, studies has shown cigarette smoking to be an important risk factor for stroke. The nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke damage the cardiovascular system in many ways.
• Poor diet — Diets high in saturated fat, Trans fat and cholesterol can raise blood cholesterol levels. Diets high in sodium (salt) can contribute to increased blood pressure. Diets with excess calories can contribute to obesity. Also, a diet containing five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day may reduce the risk of stroke.
b. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors:
• Age - The risk of stroke increases with age; But, the chance of having a stroke more than doubles for each decade of life after age 55. While stroke is common among the elderly, a lot of people under 65 also have strokes. However, stroke affects people of all ages, even children.
• Family History - The risk of stroke is highest among people with a blood relative who has had a stroke. Your stroke risk is greater if a parent, grandparent, sister or brother has had a stroke.
• Sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women, and they have attacks earlier in life. Stroke is more common in men than in women.
c. There are other, less well-documented risk factors
• Geographic location — Strokes are more common in the southeastern United States than in other areas. These are the so-called "stroke belt" states.
• Socioeconomic factors — there is some evidence that strokes are more common among low-income people than among more affluent people.
• Alcohol abuse — Alcohol abuse can lead to stroke
• Drug abuse —Drugs that are abused, including cocaine, amphetamines and heroin, have been associated with an increased risk of stroke.
E. THE PREVENTION OF STROKE
• Have your blood pressure regularly checked by your doctor.
• Maintain a healthy weight for your height.
• Exercise regularly.
• Choose a low fat, high fibre, low fat diet diet.
• Limit or moderate salt intake.
• Limit alcohol intake to four standard drinks per day (for men) and two standard drinks per day (for women).
• Stop and Give up smoking
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Take antihypertensive medications to help control high blood pressure.
• Monitor the blood sugar levels regularly.
• Choose fresh rather than processed foods.
• Increase the intake of vegetables, fruit and whole grains.
• Cut out or reduce sugary and fatty foods like cakes, lollies and junk food.
• Make healthy diet and lifestyle choices
G. THE STROKE EFFECTS
The brain can be considered as a four-part organ, which includes the right and left hemispheres, the cerebellum and the brain stem. A stroke has different effects, depending on which part of the brain is targeted during the attack.
1. The Right hemisphere.
The functions of the right hemisphere include perception and control of the left side of the body. A stroke which affects the right hemisphere can cause many changes, including:
• The inability to judge distances, which can lead to falls or loss of hand-to-eye coordination.
• Short term memory loss.
• Neglecting or ignoring anything situated to the left of the body.
• Impulsive behaviour.
• Paralysis of the left side of the body (‘left hemiplegia’).
2. The left hemisphere
The functions of the left hemisphere include speech and control of the right side of the body. A stroke affecting the left hemisphere can cause many changes, including:
• Paralysis of the right side of the body (‘right hemiplegia’)
• Various problems with speech and communication
• Short term memory loss
3. The brain stem
The major functions of the brain stem include breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. A stroke which affects the brain stem can cause many changes, including:
• Complete paralysis
• Coma
• Double vision
• Swallowing difficulties
• Death.
4. The cerebellum
The functions of the cerebellum include coordination and balance. A stroke affecting the cerebellum can cause many changes, including:
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of coordination
• A tendency to unbalance and fall
• Slurred speech.
CONCLUSSION
Stroke is one example of deviant caused from brain damaged. Most stroke risk factors are lifestyle related, so everyone has the power to reduce their risk of having a stroke. Some stroke risk factors are gender, age and family history. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stroke include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, heavy drinking, heart disease, obesity, atrial fibrillation, poor diet and physical inactivity (lack of exercise).
A stroke has different effects, depending on which part of the brain is targeted during the attack. A stroke interrupts blood flow to an area of the brain. The brain is divided into two sides or hemispheres, each of which controls the opposite side of the body and different areas of activity.
The left hemisphere for example controls cognition (thinking), movement and sensation on the right side of the body and difficulties in language or language impairments.
Stroke itself affecting the left hemisphere can cause many changes; one of them is various problem in production speech in communication. That is, the difficulties involving in understanding spoken and written language, speaking (dysphasia, aphasia), reading, writing and calculation.
Language problems involve having difficulties understanding what a word means or saying a word. The stroke patient may be know what they want to say, but simply they can not get their brain to connect that word and they can not say it, or they may be have trouble understanding how sentences are put together. Speech problems have more to do with actual articulation. They can not coordinate their talking as well as they used to. They simply have trouble speaking and their speech is slurred or somehow difficult to understand.
REFFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stroke (Taken on January 2, 2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavian_steal_syndrome (Taken on January 2, 2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack (Taken on January 5, 2007)
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4742 (Taken on January 6, 2007)
Sidharta, M. D., Ph. D.1979. NEUROLOGY KLINIS DALAM PRAKTEK UMUM. Jakarta. PT DIAN RAKYAT.
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