An Analysis of Pet Names as an Address Form Revealed in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

By: Monika Putri Ardaningtyas

Introduction
Realizing that human being as a social creature who cannot live without other people, so in their social life, they are will need help or interactions to each other more and more to fulfill their daily-need in order to survive their life. In their social life, human would establish a certain community, where a group of people would live together with any similarity in several aspect of life, to get their life’s maintenance. In everyday life, they are would do any interaction with each other which we call communication. Human beings need communication, both as individual and groups in their society.
Language has important role in social interaction process in society, for instances human need language to deliver their ideas, messages, feeling, emotion, and thought. Human being needs language to make their communication easier in their community. So that’s why from human who use language, it can reveled personal characters, social background, culture, and many other aspect in human live.
Literary work or works of arts is one example of media which cannot be separated from language. There are many literary works which sometime as a mirror or reflection of what happen to society in a real life. Some literary works sometimes described illustrations of certain phenomenon which real happen in social life. Drama, as one of the form of literary work, also represents some problems which become the phenomenon happen in social real life.
Examples of famous play which as a mirror from certain society life in Norway is A Doll’s House authorized by Henrik Ibsen. For student of English Department this play is not strange more, because this play required reading in many secondary schools and universities. A Doll House (literally translated A Dollhouse from the original Norwegian title Et dukkehjem) is an 1879 play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. This play was the first of Ibsen's plays to create a sensation and it is a critical Victorian marriage norm play. (http://wikipedia.com/adollhouse).
In A Doll’s House, there is a worthy phenomenon to be discussed. It is an address form usage. Here, we will found there are many “violation” or “variation” of address form, which is in the form of pet names. The pet names as address form revealed in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a phenomenon of variation or violation of the address form usage. The researcher believes that pet names are not simply about a vocabulary choice, but pet names have another important meaning than just as address forms. People who use pet names as address form have specific purposes in using those forms more than only for addressing.
The subject of the research is Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House. The writer is interested in discussing about pet names as address form represent by Torvald in this play. The writer chooses A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, because Henrik Ibsen and his A Doll’s House were famous playwright and drama over in the world. It was translated into many languages and performed worldwide. (http://wikipedia.com/henrik). Moreover through this drama, Ibsen had written explicitly about pet names as address form. As mentioned above, pet names as address form is a worthy analysis, so the writer wants to explore more about it.

Sociolinguistics
According to Trudgill (1974:13), language is not simply as a means of communicating information; it is also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. In short, language has two important roles in society: first, the role played by language in conveying information about the speaker, and seconds, the function of language in establishing and maintaining social relationship.
Chaika (1982:2) states that “Sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use language in social interaction”. So the social condition or social relationship in a community indicates aspects of their social context in which they are talking. The study of language and in its social context tells us about how we organize our social relationship within a particular society. Sociolinguist study verbal behavior in terms of the relations between the setting, the participants, the topic, the functions of the interaction, the form, and the values held by the participants about each of these (Hymes 1962:25 in Fishman Joshua 1972:192).
While Pratt and Traugott (1980: 12) states that sociolinguistics is the study of language in its various contexts, especially social context, such as who the addressers and addressees are, what kinds of social group the participants come from, what type of social distance or intimacy of participants are involved in a speech events, and soon. In addressing someone for example, it is not simply a mater of vocabulary choice but also revealing about the relationship and social position of the speakers and addressee. For example: How you address to your friends, teacher, parents, doctor, servant, a new / strange people, woman or man, married or unmarried woman etc are use different way and term.
According to Wardhaugh (1977:218), there are some varieties of language, such as; by age, sex, occupation, and function. In other opinion, Nababan (1991:13) states that the reasons for language to vary are: different territories of community, different social group, different situational of speech or different levels of formality, and different period of time.
Variety in language is also related to the attention that the speakers take with his expression in a certain situation. The more formal situation, the more formal people pay attention to their language. In less formal situation, people can talk informally and produce language varieties freely. Moreover, the use of language varieties depends on the social status of the participants involved in conversation. In short, the differences of social status can produce varieties in language. Then because of there are so many heterogeneous users of language variation, then it will influence and reflected the use of language.
We recognize varieties of language as a result of perceiving several distinctive linguistics features being used together in a social situation. A single linguistics feature is often enough to indicate social distance, such as; the particular words or phrases used when people meet, address each other by name, or select other proper names for talking to or about each other.
Hymes (1974) has proposed an ethnographic framework which takes into account various factors that are involved in speaking. Ethnography of communicative event is a description of all factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves its objectives. Hymes (in Wardhaugh 1986:238) suggest that there are eight components of speech which may affect the use of language, commonly abbreviated “SPEAKING”. Those are called “SPEAKING” formula. They are SETTING and SCENE (S), PARTICIPANTS (P), ENDS (E), ACT SEQUENCES (A), KEY (K), INSTRUMENTALITIES (I), NORMS (N), and GENRES (G). Later, this way of speaking formula is very essential for solving the second research problem.
All of them are explain as follows:
a. Setting and Scene (S)
Setting refers to time and places i.e., the concrete physical circumstances in which speech takes place. Scene refers to the abstract psychological setting, or the cultural definition of the occasion.
b. Participants (P)
Participants include various combinations of speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver. While, based on Hymes (1974:60) Participants refer to the speaker/ addresser and the listener/addressee who are involved in a conversation. It is deal with who is speaking and who is the speaker speaking to.
c. Ends (E)
Ends refers to the conventionally recognize and expected outcomes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that participants seek to accomplish on particular occasions.
d. Act Sequences (A)
Act sequences refer to the actual form and content of what is said: the precise word used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand. Based on Fasold (1990:44) Act sequences is message form (how something is said) and content (what is said) together. In this case it deals with the characters talk about, or commonly called a topic of a conversation.
e. Key (K)
Key refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message is conveyed: light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on.
Key refers to the tone and manner of the speaking in which the conversation is held. It refers to the feeling, atmosphere, and attitude in which the conversation is occurs.
The definition of each aspect above is given below to make better understanding of term “Key”:
1) Tone refers to the general spirit of the scene, such as brave, fierce, fearful, etc.
2) Manner refers to the participant’s way of behavior toward other whether it is mocking, polite, impolite, serious, formal, informal, etc.
3) Feeling refers to the emotions, indicating happiness, shock, anger, irony, etc.
4) Atmosphere refers to the feelings that affect the mind in a place or condition, such as; good, evil, or solemn.
5) Attitude refers to the participants’ way of thinking and behaving toward a situation whether it is sympathetic, optimistic, serious, resentful, bitter, etc.
f. Instrumentalities (I)
Instrumentalities refer to the choice of channel. By channel, Hymes (in Fasold 1990:45) simply means the way a message travels from one person to another, e.g. oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as language, dialect, code, register, term of address, terms of reference, etc.
g. Norms (N)
Norms of interaction and interpretation refers to the specific behaviors and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them. It is the rule of interaction, such as adjacency pairs, sequencing, volume, pitch of voce, etc.
h. Genres (G)
Genre refers to clearly demarcated types of utterances. It is speech category, such as daily language, language game, prayer, tale, novel, letters, myth, play, proverb, advertisement, oration, etc.

Address form
As Koul (1989) points out, a study of terms of address in any language plays a very important role in sociolinguistics research. According to Fasold (1990:2), “Address Form are the word speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to them”.
While Trudgill (1974:105-108) states that personal address are term of expressions used by one person to address another one. Address term is used with consideration that appropriate forms of address differ in different situations. Many people use considerably more standard form to those they don’t know well. So, the use of personal address depends on the relationship between the addresser and addressee and their relative status, including age, social status or social class, sex, and other social factors which bring the different forms of address caused by different degrees of social status, power, social background, culture, society condition, etc.
Brown and Ford, (in Wardhaugh 1986:259) divided the address form in two forms. They are major and variants. The major forms of address are term of First Name (FN) and title plus last name (TLN). The term First Name (FN) is indicating equality between the speaker and the addressee, whereas title plus last name (TLN) which show that the addressee has a higher status than the speaker, it indicated inequality and unfamiliarity. While, the variants form are term of address consists of term of title alone (T), Last name (LN), and Multiple Name (MN). The term title alone (T) indicates least intimacy between the speakers and addressee, and it usually designates one’s rank or occupational such as; Colonel, Doctor, Waiter etc. While, Last name (LN) represent a degree of intimacy that is greater than TLN but less than FN. Whereas, Multiple Name (MN) shows a greater degree of intimacy then the FN. It is used to express more or less free variation with one another.
According to Fasold (1990:1), when people use language, they do more than just try to get another person to understand the speaker’s thoughts and feelings. At the same time, both people are using language in subtle ways to define their relationship to each other, to identify themselves as part of a social group, and to establish the kind of speech event they are in.
The most influential study of address forms and the social relationships had investigated by Brown and Gilman in 1960 (Fasold, 1990:1). There are two factors constitute two semantics that condition the choice of address form, which they called power and solidarity.
The first is called power pronouns semantics. Power pronouns semantic, like the power relationship, is nonreciprocal. A person has power over another to the degree that he or she can control the other person’s behaviors. The bases of power such as; older people assume to have power over younger people, parents over children, employers over employees, husband over his wife, etc.
The second one is called solidarity semantic. Solidarity implied a sharing between people, a degree of closeness and intimacy. This relationship was reciprocal; if we were close to someone else, in general, those people were close to us. Wherever the solidarity semantic applies, the same pronoun is used by both people.

Pet names as Address Form
Sometimes, the speaker uses more than one form of the proper names for the same addressee, such as he usually uses the term “LN”, but other time he will say “FN” or “endearment term of addressee”. In this case, he uses address term called “Multiple Name (MN)”.
A Term of endearment is a word or phrase used to address and/or describe a person or animal for which the speaker feels love or affection. Terms of endearment are used for a variety reason, such as parents addressing their children and lover couple addressing each other. Each term of endearment has its own connotations, which are highly dependent on the situation they are used in, such as tone of voice, body language, and social context. Some terms may be combined for added emphasis, e.g. honey bunny, and convey a sense of greater affection. (http://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Term of endearment)
A Term of endearment in Stein’s book, Dictionary of the English language (1967), are terms of address which are used to show endearment. For instance, to show his intimacy, a husband will address his wife by using a special name such as “dear”, “sweetheart”, “songbird”, etc. So the term so endearment forms of address always designate that the relationship is more intimate than when first name (FN) is used.
Meanwhile, Wolfson (1989:171) says that terms of endearment are commonly used by male to female, and it indicates that he is dominant and powerful. But using term of endearment not always indicate that the speaker and the addressee’s relationship is less intimate or distant, but it can be show that they are close to each other.
As kind of address form, pet names place its great emphasis in the meaning function; hence the language form used in “pet name words” is relatively unique. The pet names sometimes gives sense to various universally valued qualities, such as sweetness, beauty, peacefulness, innocence, warmth, playfulness, worth, providence or cuddliness.
The pet names are being applied as metaphors and using animal imagery, for example, easily completing the sentence "You are my songbird". In A Doll’s House, Ibsen uses animal imagery as address forms to develop her character throughout the play. By pet names which using animal imagery adhered to character in this play, the reader can understanding who the character is and how other characters perceive her.
Finally, from quotations above it is clear that there are many kinds of language varieties in society, as in greeting or forms of address. Pet names as address form is one example of the language variation in address term usages. From this definition, the researcher takes a correlation of the theory used in this research and the analysis the data based on it.

Norway Condition and Ibsen’s Realism in A Doll’s House
Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a portrayed the real Norway condition in the late of nineteenth century. Norway had a same portrait of an ideal family and home as the rest of the European people in the nineteenth century. Inside the home, Norway’s life was enclosed in a hierarchical and ritualistic system under which the husband and father was absolutely dominant. The women role in the family was called as the man’s help-mate; even seem like servant-home. At that era, the woman’s purpose in life is to be happy for her husband's sake, for the sake of the children; to sing, dance, and play with them. Women were not expected to improve their minds and education. They were not expected to be more intellectual company than their husband. In this way, the male domination in patriarchy system effected woman role in Norway in the late of nineteenth century. Later, these crucial issues, which as the mirror of Norway’s condition in the late of nineteenth century address as the theme in Ibsen’s play. (http:////www.wikipedia.com/adollhouse)
Ibsen (1828-1906) was the first important playwright to realize the possibilities of dramatic realism. Considered to be the father of realistic drama Ibsen examined the values and norms of Victorian society, family, and marriage through his drama works. In 1879, he wrote A Doll’s House. The subject addressed by Ibsen in his plays is the role of woman. He was perhaps most successful in depicting the nineteenth-century woman, whose inner nature was in strong conflict with the role she was called on to perform. A Doll’s House is a scathing criticism of these values and norms as seen in the marriage of Nora and Torvald Helmer.
Ibsen's social plays were a reflection of peculiarly Norwegian conditions. In Ibsen’s play, the environment, where he lives, had an influence on characters’ personalities, and all the things characters did and all of things the characters used revealed his social-condition. He presents the character from his works, for what they are as the product of their own society. Then, the dialogue of realism drama is a language that closely resembled ordinary speech. In short that A Doll’s House represented a real social condition at Ibsen’s time.

Discussion
The researcher found that there are 13 data of pet names as address form throughout A Doll’s House play. Those can be seen in appendix.
But, in this discussion, it will be discussed only two examples from 13 data of the pet names as address form, the discussion include; the social factor influencing that usage, the purpose of those address form usage, and how it reveal the relationship between address and addresser and how it revealed the characterization of the characters (Nora and Torvald) through this play.

 Discussion 1
Helmer : [calls out from his room] Is that my little lark twittering out there?
Nora : [busy opening some of the parcels] Yes, it is!
Helmer : Is it my little squirrel bustling about?
Nora : Yes!

a) The social factors influencing in using Pet Names as address form
S : In Torvald’s flat on a happy Christmas day
P : Torvald to Nora
E : chit-chat
A : looking for Nora
K : in happy and loving feeling / and in intimate/close and cheerful manner
I : term of address
N : gaze return
G : dialogue in play

From the data above, it is clear shows that the setting of Torvald’s speech act plays an important role, for let him to address his wife by using pet names “my little lark”. It is obvious that the scene of Torvald’s conversation is in his flat on a happy Christmas day. This setting makes him feel happy and loving. This is not just his feeling affected by the setting of his speaking, but at that time his manner in intimate/ close and cheerful in manner also plays important role. Then the instrumentality was term of address, the norm of this conversation is in gaze return, and genre was dialogue in play, it was not play crucial role in Torvald’s speech act. All of these factors are influencing in pet names usage.

b) The purpose of address form usage
Usually a person uses pet names in calling someone he loves shows his feeling or affection. In this case, Torvald calls his wife by using pet names sometimes he want to show that he loves her very much and has great affection to his wife.

c) The relationship and the characterization revealed from this address form
Here, Torvald uses “my little lark” to address her wife. From pet names used by Torvald to call Nora, It can reveal the relationship between Torvald and Nora that they were a marriage-couple in the late nineteenth century with close and unequal relationship. By observing this pet name, he wants to represent that her wife is personified like lark (a kind of small bird as picture of a happy and carefree bird) and squirrel (the birds were object of wildly and quite small rodent). Here, Torvald use pet names as address form usually followed by the possessive “my” and prefaced by “little” before the pet name, hence it is signaling that Nora is like a child who’s his. Torvald thinks in their marriage, Nora is always happy (never sad), and energetic wife (like all the characteristics of a bird).
From this pet name, it can reveal the characterization of Nora through this play. From this play, we can describe that she was represented a woman and wife in Victorian Age (an ideal 19th century). She first appears as a silly and spoilt woman, as Torvald’s doll house. She is treated like a child by her husband by calling her using pet names. Moreover, Nora first seems that she fine and enjoy receiving that calling way. Nora act seems that she never feels insulted with this calling. She just allows this calling pet name to go on.

 Discussion 2
Helmer : Didn’t you say nobody had been here? [Shakes his finger at her]. My little songbird must never do that again. Songbirds are supposed to have clean beaks to chirp with ---- no false notes. (Puts his arm around her waist.). Isn’t that so? Of course it is. (Lets her go). And that’s enough about that. (Sits down in front of the fireplace). Ah, it’s nice and warm in here. (Begins to leaf through his paper)
Nora : [busy with the Christmas Tree; after a brief pause] Torvald!
Helmer : Yes

a) The social factors influencing in using Pet Names as address form
S : In Torvald’s flat on a happy Christmas day, especially in kitchen.
P : Torvald to Nora
E : chit-chat
A : asking and give a certain judgments to Nora
K : in rather angry feeling / in rather close manner
I : term of address
N : loudness and rather emotion
G : dialogue in play

In the dialogue above, the place setting was in Torvald’s flat on a happy Christmas day, especially in kitchen room. The participants of dialogue were Torvald and Nora, as a marriage-couple. The topic of the dialogue was about Torvald asking and giving judgments to Nora. The dialogue ran in close way, but in feeling rather angry way/distant manner. The address was use phrase “my little songbird”. It was intended to show Torvald’s domination toward Nora. Then, an instrumentality was term of address. The norm of this conversation is in loudness and rather emotion norm and genre factors were not play important role in Torvald’s speech act. All of these factors are influencing in pet names usage.

b) The purpose of address form usage
In this scene, Torvald use term of address “my little songbird” to address Nora. Here, the purpose of Torvald call her wife by this term was to show her domination or his power toward Nora. “My little songbird” term to symbolize Nora’s weaknesses to Torvald’s strength. This domination (Torvald‘s power) can be seen through the treatment and pet names toward Nora. Nora gets unfair treatment from Torvald as the victim of the society at that time which reflects the existence of male domination. It obvious clear described by addition information ( [Shakes his finger at her.).

c) The relationship and the characterization revealed from this address form
Here, from this term of address “my little songbird”, we can see how the relationship of Torvald and Nora. They were a marriage-couple, in which husband as absolutely domination. Here, the position of male/ husband were absolutely dominant toward the female/wife. This pet name of Torvald to Nora emphasize that he does not see her as an equal, and Nora is definitely not an individual but rather property for her husband. Torvald believe that Nora’s role is to amuse and delight him. In his belief, a wife was supposed to play a role in which she supported his husband, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect around house. But, in this case, Nora more as a wife as usual, she supposed as a child for her husband.
It is clear described that Nora role in their society condition at that time as a victim of her society, in which placed women under male domination. Torvald represent as a superior husband to his wife. The pet names such as “skylark”, “songbird”, “squirrels”, are all wild animal that do not belong in a cage, any more than Nora can tolerate living in the restricted atmosphere of Toravld’s home. It is shows how Torvald controls Nora almost in all her aspects of live, such as in the above scene.

Conclusion
Finally, based on the problem and the discussion chapter, the researcher then comes to the conclusion of the study.
From the explanation in the previous chapter, the researcher could draw some points, such as follows:
1. The major social factors influencing in Torvald’s address form to call Nora by using Pet Names are as follows:
a) Setting
The setting of this dialogue was in Torvald’s flat on a happy Christmas day. So in that condition, they are employed to use pet name as address form, in a good /happy feeling and in a close/intimate manner.
b) Participants
The participants of this scene were between Torvald and Nora as a marriage couple, so this type of relationship urging the use of pet names as addresses forms to address his wife.
c) End
Torvald employed the pet names as address form to call Nora in a good mood and in an intimate /close social distance when their purposed of their speaking is to renew their relationship.
d) Art Form
When, the condition of Torvald and Nora’s speaking in situation when they were discussing about something they do not like, they will use pet names as address form in bad mood and in rather distant manner
e) Keys
Torvald will used pet names to call Nora, when Torvald’s mood and social distance in a good/happy feeling and in close/intimate manner.
f) Instrumentalities (I)
The instrumentality used by Torvald to Nora to transfer the message to each other is address form.
g) Norms (N)
The specific behaviors that attack to Torvald and Nora’s speaking is following with the manner when they were take a conversation. The volume, pitch of voice, sequencing is following with the condition when the conversation happen.
h) Genres (G)
The Genre of this works is a play. The object of this research is drama/ play, which play important factor too, because we can find there are many address form used here, so it is make the researcher easier in collecting the data.
2. The purposed of Torvald in calling her wife using Pet Names are dominantly to show his affection and his domination as a husband toward Nora.
3. The address form used by Torvald to call Nora and the discourse of the story clearly identifies how address form function show the characterization of those character. Through this play, the writer had described a society’s view about the subordinate position of woman, where woman sees as the dolls for her husband, as man’s purposes and destiny, not equal in her marriage. Nora character plays as the stereotypical nineteenth century woman, continually showing her need for individuality and lack of dependency. Her marriage was a paternalistic relationship where by Torvald treated Nora like a child, more like daughter rather than his wife. Her role in her marriage is that of a doll, her house is a “Doll’s House,” and indeed her husband Tovarld refers to her incessantly as his “little lark” and his “squirrel.”
4. Throughout these address forms; it can reveal the relationship between the address and addresser in this play, Nora and Torvald as a marriage-couple in the Victorian Age in the late of nineteenth century. From the address form usage, it can conclude that their relationship was as marriage-couple, in unequal relationship, in which husband as the absolutely dominant.

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